Tense (Lesson - 4)

Tense (काळ) मित्रांनो क्रियापद हा वाक्यातील अत्यंत महत्त्वाचा शब्द आहे तो कर्त्याची क्रिया सांगतो आणि काल संबंध दाखवतो क्रिया किंवा घडली याचा बोध क्रियापदावरून होतो त्यासच क्रियापदाचा काळ असे म्हणतात. ‘काळ’ वेळ व अवस्था किंवा स्थिती सांगतो. यावरून तीन प्रमुख काळ होतात: Present Tense वर्तमान काळ Past Tense भूतकाळ Future tense भविष्यकाळ या तिन्ही मुख्य काळांचे प्रत्येकी चार उपकाळ पुढील प्रमाणे Simple present ( साधा वर्तमान काळ):- साध्या वर्तमान काळाचा सात प्रकारे उपयोग केला जातो. त्रिकालबाधित सत्य किंवा नेहमी घडणाऱ्या सर्वसामान्य घटना- eg. When a man gives up anger, he is full of peace. The sun rises in the East. 2 . सवयीने किंवा नित्य नियमाने केली जाणारी क्रिया दर्शवण्यासाठी बहुदा अशा वाक्यात always, never. everyday, daily, usually, generally, daily असे क्रिया दर्शक शब्द वापरतात. eg. He always goes to school by bus. Generally children like to play. Manoj writes with his left hand. 3) भविष्यात घडणारी परंतु पूर्वनियोजित घटना सांगण्यासाठी- eg. The Prime Minister visits Mumbai next Monday. We leave for Pune tomorrow morning. 4) Complex sentence मध्ये गौण वाक्यातील वेळा दाखवण्यासाठी ही वेळ भविष्यकाळातील परंतु किंवा घडेल हे अनिश्चित असलेली अशा स्वरूपाची असते. eg. 1) We shall play when the rain stops. 2) Polish my shoes till they shine. 5) त्याचप्रमाणे अट दाखविणाऱ्या पोट वाक्यातही या काळाचा वापर करतात. eg. 1) If I go to school, I shall become wise. 2) If she comes,I will not play. 3) He will be poor if he is not satisfied. 6) उद्गारवाचक वाक्यातील प्रत्यक्ष समोर घडत असलेली घटना पाहून here किंवा there ची रचना करताना- eg. Here he comes! There she goes! Here comes the bus!. 7) नाटकातील पात्रांचा अभिनय सांगताना, क्रिकेटचा धावता वृत्तांत देताना किंवा कथन करताना- eg. The king draws his sword and tries to attack. 2) Present Continuous/Progressive/Imperfect Tense:-(चालू वर्तमानकाळ) Formula - Subject + am/ is/ are+ verb + ing + object eg. I am reading a story. We are playing cricket. He is writing a letter. She is painting a picture. 3) Present Perfect Tense (पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळ):- Formula- Subject + have/has + V3 + object eg. I have read a story. They have played cricket. He has written a letter. She has painted a picture. 4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense ( चालू पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळ):- Formula- Subject + have/ has been + verb + ing + object. eg. I have been reading a story. They have been playing cricket. He has been writing a letter. She has been painting a picture. 2) PAST TENSE (भूतकाळ) Simple past (साधा भूतकाळ):- Formula- Subject + V2 + object eg. I wrote a letter. We played cricket. He bought a pen and a notebook. Past Continuous Tense (चालू भूतकाळ):- Formula:- Subject + was/were + verb + ing + object eg. I was reading a story. We were playing football. He was watching a movie. Arjun was delivering a speech. Past perfect Tense (पूर्ण भूतकाळ): - Formula- Subject + had + V3 + object eg. I had written a story. We had played cricket. He had delivered a speech. They had sung songs. Past Perfect Continuous Tense ( चालू पूर्ण भूतकाळ):- Formula:- Subject + had been + verb+ ing + object. eg. I had been reading a story. We had been playing cricket. He had been studying. They had been counting money. 3) FUTURE TENSE (भविष्यकाळ) Simple Future Tense ( साधा भविष्यकाळ):- Formula: - Subject + shall / will + verb + object. eg. I shall read a story. We shall play cricket. He will eat an apple. Ram will light a candle. Future Continuous Tense ( चालू भविष्यकाळ):- Formula - Subject + shall / will be + verb + ing + object eg. I shall be reading a story. We shall be learning a lesson. She will be writing a novel. They will be helping poor and needy people. Future Perfect Tense ( पूर्ण भविष्यकाळ):- Formula- Subject + Shall / will have + V3 + object eg. I shall have written a story. We shall have played cricket. He will have bought an expensive car. Shreya will have sung a song. Future Perfect Continuous Tense ( चालू पूर्ण भविष्यकाळ):- Formula- Subject + Shall / will have been + V + ing + object. eg. I shall have been reading a story. We shall have been playing cricket. He will have been drawing a picture. They will have been watching a movie.